Another physical process is filtration, which involves passing water through various media to remove suspended solids. Filters can be composed of sand, gravel, or advanced materials like activated carbon or membranes. The choice of filtration method depends on the specific contaminants present in the water and the desired quality of the treated water. Membrane technologies, such as reverse osmosis, are particularly effective for removing a wide range of contaminants, including dissolved salts and organic compounds.
Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry is increasingly focused on the sustainable production of intermediates. As environmental concerns gain prominence, there is a push towards greener synthetic methods that minimize waste and energy consumption. This has led to the development of innovative catalytic processes and the use of renewable resources, which can enhance the sustainability of intermediate production.